英语否定句式常见错误及分析
英语和汉语在否定的表达形式上存在着许多差异，如果以中国人的思维方式和习惯用法去套英语，这样在汉译英时难免会出现一些错误。部分常见的错误举例如下： 
  1、未经允许，任何人不得入内。 误：Anybody can not come in without permission. 正：Nobody can come in without permission. "任何……不"是汉语中常用的否定句式，而在英语中与any构成的合成词或被any修饰的词语作主语时，谓语动词不能用否定式，因此any ... not的表达形式不符合英语的习惯。翻译这类句子时须用"否定形式的主语+肯定形式的谓语"。但当any的合成词或any所修饰的词带有后置定语时，谓语可以用否定式，如： 干那种事的人都是不诚实的。 Anyone who does that isn't honest. 
  2、听到这个消息后，没有一个人不感到兴奋。 误：Having heard the news, nobody did not feel excited. 正：Having heard the news, everybody felt excited. 汉语中常用"没有+主语+不+谓语"这一双重否定的结构，而英语中否定形式的主语习惯上不能与否定形式的谓语连用。因此nobody... not的结构不符合英语的表达习惯。翻译这类句子时，（1）可把主语和谓语都改成肯定形式；(2)也可用另一结构的双重否定式：there be +否定的主语 + 否定形式的定语从句，如： There wa s nobody who did not feel excited. 或：There was nobody but felt excited.

3、这两本书都不是英国出版的。 误：Both of the books are not published in England. 正：Neither of the books is published in England. 我不同意所有这些方案。 误：I don't agree to all these projects. 正：I agree to none of these projects. 或：I don't agree to any of these projects. 英语中的概括词all, every, both, 以及与every 构成的合成词，用语否定句式时，只表示部分否定，常译成"并非……都"，因此两个错误译句的含义分别为：并非两本书都是英国出版的，并非所有这些方案我都同意。要表达全部否定意义时，英语须用全否定词语，如none neither, no, nobody, nothing, not…any, not…either等。 

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  4、这台车床不能再用了，那台也一样。 误：This lathe can not be used any longer, and that one can't, too. 正：This lathe can not be used any longer, and that one cna't either. 或：This lathe can not be used any longer, neither (nor) can that one. 否定句中的"也"不能译成too,而须用either，或用neither(nor)的倒装句型。 
  5、你不必为你的军衔和薪金担心。 误：You won't have to worry about rank and pay. 正：You won't have to worry about rank or pay. 在肯定句中用and来连接两个并列成分，表示"和"，但在否定句中and应改为or, 这时否定词对or的前后部分同时加以否定。[来源:Z,xx,k.Com]

We humans are addicted to sugar.That makes sense.All animals need sugar to live.It's the fuel that powers our cells.So it's not surprising that we're born to want the sweet stuff.
Sugar stores the sun's energy like a battery.After a meal, your body breaks down foods into their building blocks.It uses some sugar for energy right away.The rest get stored for the body to break down later.It's a myth that sugar makes you extremely excited, but having a sugary snack can give you a quick burst of energy.That's because the sugar in sweet foods is easy for your body to turn into fuel.When you eat other kinds of foods, like vegetables, it takes longer for your body to break the sugar down.
These days it's easy to find sweet snacks.Sodas, candy, cakes and even foods that seem healthy, such as yogurt, can be packed with sugar.Food makers add sugar, because they know that to humans, sweet makes everything taste better.Americans eat about 20 teaspoons of extra sugar every day.That's way more than what is good for us.
Eating too much sugar can cause more than a stomachache.It can make people overweight, decay the teeth and even cause diabetes.However, experts aren't worried about naturally sweet foods—the problem is added sugar.So go ahead and enjoy sweet apples or even sugar－rich carrots that are also full of vitamins and other good stuff.
Even cake is great once in a while, as long as you don't overdo it.After all, no one wants life to be dull.And your body needs its fuel!
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。糖能给人体提供必需的能量，且易分解。虽然甜食尝起来可口，但是我们不要过多食用。
1．The first two paragraphs are mainly developed by         ．
A．cause and effect
B．problem and solution
C．giving examples
D．making comparisons
A [写作手法题。根据第一段尾句“So it's not surprising that we're born to want the sweet stuff”和第二段倒数第二句“That's because the sugar in sweet foods is easy for your body to turn into fuel”，并结合第一、二段的内容可知，第一段解释了人天生需要糖的原因；第二段解释了甜食能快速补充能量的原因；据此可推知，第一、二段是通过解释因果的方法组织内容的，故A项正确。]
2．People may be tricked into eating too much sugar because         ．
A．no one wants life to be boring
B．we're born to want the sweet stuff
C．so­called healthy food can be packed with sugar
D．sugar is the fuel for the plants and animals on the earth
C [细节理解题。根据第三段第一、二句“These days it's easy to find sweet snacks.Sodas, candy, cakes and even foods that seem healthy, such as yogurt，can be packed with sugar”可知，甜食随处可见，即使是看起来健康的食品也会含有大量糖分，故人们会误食很多含糖食品。]
3．What does the author want to stress in Paragraph 4?
A．We'd better say no to sweet foods.
B．Experts are worried about added sugar.
C．Eating too much sugar is bad for our health.
D．We'd better consume sugar from natural sources.
D [推理判断题。通读第四段可知，该段第一、二句介绍了食用过量的糖的害处；第三句说明专家对添加糖分的食品的担忧；第四句紧接着提出建议：吃富含糖但也富含维生素和其他有益成分的天然食物。据此可推知，该段旨在强调，我们最好食用天然食物来摄入糖分，故D项正确。]
4．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Sugar Is Everywhere
B．Sugar Brings Happiness
C．Why Do We Love Sugar?
D．Why Does Sugar Make Us Fat?
C [标题判断题。通读全文可知，糖能给人体提供必需的能量，且易分解，人天生需要糖分；虽然甜食尝起来可口，但是食用过量的糖有害人体健康，我们最好食用不但富含糖分、还含有维生素和其他有益成分的天然食物。故C项最适合作本文标题。]

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